Tert-Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide (Enox/TBHP): A Deeper Look
Historical Development
Chemistry often evolves through both innovation and necessity, and tert-Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide—known in labs and factories as TBHP or Enox—shows this pattern. Scientists first noted the oxidation might of peroxides at the turn of the twentieth century. As demand for better ways to start polymer reactions and oxidize organic compounds picked up steam after World War II, researchers began focusing on TBHP. By the mid-1900s, industrial chemists tapped into TBHP’s reliable oxygen supply for propelling chemical and petroleum processes. This compound took root in commercial production when synthetic rubber and specialty plastics required more predictable sources of free radicals than old-school initiators could offer. Investment in peroxide chemistry soared in the sixties and seventies as new plastics, coatings, and fine-chemical industries expanded and production volumes jumped to keep pace.
Product Overview
Tert-Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide appears most often as a clear, colorless liquid. Sometimes a faint smell—almost etherlike or sweet—rises from freshly opened canisters. It falls under organic peroxides, which means its oxygen atom pairs pack considerable punch. TBHP often takes on the job of safely delivering controlled oxidation or helping certain synthetic reactions run smoothly. Bulk suppliers ship it stabilized in water or diluted with stable esters to cut down on volatility. Its chemical backbone—(CH3)3COOH—seems deceptively simple, but packing plenty of reactive oxygen into a small liquid package builds serious responsibility in lab and plant settings.
Physical & Chemical Properties
TBHP melts at about –29°C and boils just shy of 36°C under ambient air. Its notable solubility in water, alongside a wide range of organic solvents, keeps it practical for blending into recipes from labs big and small. The compound packs a relative density near 0.88 at room temperature. TBHP’s molecular weight clocks in at 90.12 g/mol. Its active oxygen content, generally hovering between 4.8–6.0%, stands higher than many comparable organic peroxides. But that reactive oxygen means stability remains a constant concern—TBHP will decompose exothermically, setting off more chemistry than intended, if not handled or stored with respect for its chemistry.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Strict standards shape how (and how much) TBHP gets labeled and moved. Commercial suppliers list detailed percentage assays, noting water and purity levels. DOT, UN, and GHS hazard symbols appear on every drum. Full documentation follows each shipment, detailing concentration ranges—often 70% aqueous TBHP, stabilized with additional water to suppress unwanted breakdown. Docs include UN number 3109 for tert-butyl hydroperoxide, technical grade. Storage temperatures, regulatory transport categories, and emergency response guides hang with each batch, translating regulations into plain instruction. Color-coded labels, exposure hazard badges, and expiration datelines flag any mishap risks before opening the tap.
Preparation Method
Chemists manufacture TBHP by reacting isobutane with oxygen—either direct from gas or via air—in a controlled reactor, yielding a mixture of hydroperoxides. They isolate TBHP by washing away other byproducts, followed by precise distillation. Care during synthesis closes the door to runaway exotherms and decomposition. Real-world batches demand tight monitoring of heat, airflow, and pressure, since any slip can swing the chemistry in dangerous directions. Quality control through titration and spectroscopic monitoring ensures the final product lands squarely in the purity window promised on the label.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Organic peroxides like TBHP ignite change in chemical systems. In classic laboratory work, TBHP catalyzes epoxidation of alkenes—making oxirane rings for everything from solvents to pharmaceuticals. In addition, the compound serves as a radical initiator, splitting into tert-butanol and reactive oxygen, which grabs electrons and launches chain reactions for polymerization or organic modifications. Its oxidative force transforms sulfides into sulfoxides, adds hydroxyl groups to hydrocarbons, and sometimes serves as the last kick for producing complex organic molecules in pharmaceutical synthesis. Some chemists alter TBHP through further esterification, trading active oxygen content for tailored reactivity or compatibility with specialty processes.
Synonyms & Product Names
This organic peroxide wears several hats across supply chains and lab sheets. Tert-Butyl hydroperoxide stands as the scientific root. Marketed names like Enox are common among producers like United Initiators or AkzoNobel. In catalogs, one finds alternate spellings: TBHP, t-butyl hydroperoxide, and tert-butyl peroxide hydrogen. Regulatory filings, MSDS, and customs entries all cross-list the CAS number 75-91-2, keeping global shipments on the same page. Paint, polymer, and pharmaceutical plants each call it by tall or short names, but the core compound stays the same.
Safety & Operational Standards
Peroxides have a reputation for volatility, but TBHP demands even stricter house rules. Site managers insist on limited quantities, storage in ventilated, temperature-controlled bunkers, and padded drums that absorb any vibration or jostle. Workers wear chemical splash goggles, high-grade gloves, and antistatic gear—even minor skin contact can trigger burns or blisters. Any spark or flame nearby risks kicking off an exothermic spiral. Spill response means deploying absorbent, nonreactive pads and ventilating the area. Engineers measure air quality to catch any TBHP vapor before it finds an ignition source. Detailed SOPs train operators to keep cool and move quickly—speed saves lives if thermal runaway starts. Employees respect TBHP because every bottle or drum holds both industrial promise and serious operational risk.
Application Area
TBHP finds itself called to action in more than just mega-factory settings. Its main role stays anchored in radical polymerizations—kicking off the reactions that knit ethylene, styrene, acrylate, and other building blocks into modern plastics. Refiners lean on TBHP for specialty oxidation, helping crack petroleum or desulfurize fuels to meet stricter emission rules. Chemical manufacturers put TBHP to work turning simple hydrocarbons into value-added products: alcohols, ketones, and even certain pharmaceuticals. In epoxidation, TBHP delivers ring-closed oxygen right where formulators want it—powering greener, more selective synthesis for surfactants or drug intermediates. Research labs use TBHP to create oxidative conditions not achievable by other means, expanding the chemistry toolkit for producing complex molecules. Whether driving bulk polymer manufacture or fine chemical breakthroughs, TBHP carries a heavy workload.
Research & Development
Chemists and chemical engineers haven't stopped finding new things TBHP can do. Ongoing research tweaks formulation, stabilization, and handling to stretch TBHP's shelf life and reduce risks in storage. Teams work on catalysts that use less TBHP or react it at lower temperatures to improve safety and energy efficiency in large-scale plants. Specialty manufacturers, from crop protection to pharma, publish new ways to use TBHP for oxidation and selective functionalization, shaving down production waste or stepping around hazardous byproducts. Environmental scientists keep a close eye on TBHP’s breakdown kinetics, seeking not just efficient reaction but greener aftermath. Students in advanced synthesis courses keep refining old recipes and chasing new transformations that open doors previously shut by cost, risk, or raw-material limits.
Toxicity Research
TBHP doesn’t mess around with human health. Safety studies flag it as a strong irritant—and acute exposures mean burns, respiratory distress, even more serious systemic effects if it spills. In animal studies, high-dose TBHP shows liver toxicity, prompting close skin and inhalation protection in workplaces. Regulatory agencies demand studies on air and water emission, since breakdown products like tert-butanol and carbonyl compounds might hang around or drift downstream. Plant safety officers regularly review toxicology data sheets, ventilation specs, and PPE lists to keep risks as low as possible. Wastewater plants also monitor effluent for TBHP, working to intercept and break down any residual peroxide before it hits the environment. Growing awareness of cumulative or chronic low-dose exposures keeps research teams testing for less obvious endpoints—subtle cellular or reproductive effects, for instance—to inform stricter handling rules or community safekeeping policies.
Future Prospects
Demand for cleaner, safer, and more efficient chemical processes keeps TBHP front and center. Startups developing greener composites, fuel desulfurization systems, or custom pharmaceuticals all scan the landscape for better oxidation chemistry. Next-generation epoxidation reactions using TBHP offer sharper atom economy, less waste, and more control. Scientists look for new supports, phase transfer agents, or low-temperature chains that can make TBHP reactions safer and more scalable. Advanced monitoring and containment systems—sensor networks, sealed transfer lines—aim to close out accident risk and cut waste in production. Broader regulation and community concern over peroxide-related incidents mean large plants invest more in automation, real-time detection, and employee training. New chemical uses—especially in circular-economy recycling or specialty polymer upgrades—look likely to push TBHP out of its traditional box and into brighter, more responsible roles as a toolkit mainstay.
What Tert-Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide Brings to Real Life
Chemistry doesn’t always feel close to home unless you look at the products you use or the materials you touch daily. Tert-Butyl Hydrogen Peroxide, or TBHP, turns up quietly behind the scenes, pushing many transformations along in industries and labs alike. Over more than a decade working in manufacturing and consulting on process safety, I have seen TBHP earn its stripes as a trusted oxidizing agent. It’s never as simple as “one size fits all” in chemistry, and TBHP’s versatility proves this.
Making Everything Move: The Role of TBHP in Production
Manufacturers lean on TBHP for several industrial processes. One of the main jobs for TBHP is to start what chemists call “polymerization”—that’s the foundation of plastics, resins, and acrylics. Just think about everyday packaging, automotive parts, paints, or bathtubs. TBHP triggers the chemical changes that link small molecules together, building up those strong, durable materials that end up in final products.
In my experience helping troubleshoot process hiccups in resin plants, TBHP’s reliable performance often stands out. Strong oxidizing agents can be touchy, but TBHP maintains shelf stability compared to less predictable alternatives like benzoyl peroxide. That stability means fewer surprises for production teams, safer handling, and predictable output. Plants using TBHP can maintain a better safety reputation, which helps everyone—from the operators out on the floor to the end users picking products off retail shelves.
Chemistry Beyond Plastics
Not every story about TBHP leads back to plastics. In pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals, TBHP takes on different roles. For instance, it creates the right conditions to attach oxygen atoms where needed in a molecule. This step can turn an ordinary intermediate into an active pharmaceutical ingredient—the compound that gives a medicine its power. TBHP’s selectivity means less waste and cleaner reactions, a win for chemists looking to run greener operations without endless purification.
A friend working on specialty chemicals once described TBHP as “predictably punchy”—it gets the job done without leaving behind a confusing trail of byproducts. Cleaner reactions mean less energy spent on separation and purification. Fewer steps in a process translate to lower costs and less environmental impact. Companies aren’t just anxious about regulations or fines; they want to spend fewer resources getting to the finish line.
Handling TBHP Responsibly
Sitting in on safety meetings, I’ve heard every concern about storing and transporting TBHP. Its reactive nature demands robust training and clear protocols. Spills or improper storage can lead to accidents or fires, so managers and frontline operators treat TBHP with respect. The industry invests in solid containment, temperature controls, and reliable transport partners. Most incidents come from skipping steps or overlooking procedures. Regular audits and refresh training keep everyone on track and confident handling TBHP, supporting a company’s safety culture through action, not just paperwork.
Room for Improvement
There’s no ignoring the risks that TBHP brings. Scientists and engineers continue searching for even safer oxidizers or better training protocols. I’ve seen more companies exploring automation for TBHP dosing or investing in lightweight sensors to track leaks. Changing regulations push for continuous improvement, not to box in operators, but to sharpen focus on safety and environmental impact. Knowledge sharing between companies can make a real difference—one plant’s lesson today could prevent an accident in another country tomorrow.
Handling Something as Volatile as TBHP
Tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) comes up often in industrial settings—especially in fields like organic synthesis, polymerization, and as a lab oxidizer. I remember walking into a university research lab for the first time, seeing a chemical cabinet with bold signage. TBHP took top billing on the hazard list. The stuff demands respect. Unlike common lab supplies, TBHP can spark off some real trouble if you leave safety as an afterthought.
Key Storage Rules: More Than Just a Cool, Dry Place
TBHP holds its own as a potent oxidizing agent. This means it reacts fiercely with many materials and doesn’t forgive sloppy practice. Never leave it near flammable solvents, acids, or reducing agents. TBHP gets cranky around heat and light—store it between 2°C and 8°C in a well-ventilated spot. In my experience, a dedicated fridge with chemical compatibility, tight shelving, and spill containment makes a big difference. Glass or high-density polyethylene containers, sealed carefully, offer extra peace of mind.
Fire officials and OSHA guidelines underscore this same urgency. TBHP releases oxygen on contact with incompatible substances, turning even a minor leak into a hazard. If it finds an ignition source, even a spark from a light switch, the results get scary. Industry reports and incident databases show that TBHP mishandling—including breaks in the cold storage chain—has caused fires, facility damage, and injuries.
Safe Handling Practices: Training Isn’t Optional
Donning the right gear never feels optional with TBHP. Eye protection, chemical-resistant gloves, and flame-retardant lab coats come standard in most labs I’ve visited. TBHP’s vapors irritate skin, eyes, and airways. Small splashes sting, and a noseful of vapors leaves you coughing. Work inside a fume hood, away from any open flames. Before pouring or transferring TBHP, double-check for spills and wipe up any residue right away.
I’ve watched new lab members skip a pre-use safety review, assuming it’s just “another peroxide.” That attitude gets people hurt. Emergency showers and eyewash stations belong close by. Clear labels on storage vessels, day-use logs, and daily inspection routines curb most accidents before they start. A simple labeling and documentation routine might sound basic, but it pays off—especially when different shifts use the same stock.
Addressing the Waste Problem
TBHP leaves behind tricky waste. Pouring left-over solution down a lab sink could start a fire in the plumbing. Most environmental health departments require neutralization, often using a reducing agent under controlled conditions, before disposal. Collect all TBHP waste in tightly capped, designated containers and notify trained waste handlers. Don’t let inexperienced hands guess at disposal methods. That’s a lesson learned from a near-miss in one workplace, where improper mixing triggered a small explosion in a waste drum.
Building a Culture of Safety
Facilities that handle TBHP well always stress ongoing staff education. Signs, clear protocols, and routine safety drills all reinforce alertness, because mistakes catch up fast. Peer-reviewed studies and incident investigations back this up. There’s no one-size-fits-all answer, but sharing real-world stories, not just rules, keeps staff committed to careful practice and decreases risk.
If you’re bringing TBHP into a workspace, look at it as more than a chemical—think of it as a daily test of safety habits. Respect it, and you keep both people and research moving forward.
Why TBHP Demands Respect in the Workplace
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, or TBHP, shows up in more chemical storage rooms than people might think. Used in making everything from plastics to pharmaceuticals, TBHP speeds up reactions, making some modern manufacturing possible. The strength that makes it a good chemical tool also means it can bite if treated carelessly. The fact that it can both burn and explode leaves no room for sloppy habits.
Hazards: More Than Just Labels on a Drum
People who handle TBHP quickly notice a few things: It smells sharp, stings the eyes, and any spilled drop feels hot on the skin. TBHP doesn’t flinch at room temperature, but once heat or a splash of a contaminant gets involved, it can decompose. During that process, highly flammable gases appear, fires can break out, and pressure builds up in closed containers. There’s also a hidden danger—the fumes that don’t seem so aggressive at first—but stick around long enough, and breathing gets harder, the throat burns, and headaches follow. Direct contact can burn skin and eyes. Even the vapors can attack airways.
Anything that mixes badly with TBHP—strong acids, bases, metals, combustible materials—pushes things toward a chemical chain reaction. One simple misstep, like pouring it into the wrong vessel or letting it heat up, and the incident can escalate beyond a small clean-up job.
Why Personal Protection and Training Matter
My own time working with peroxides involved strict rules that some new employees first found irritating. Still, one look at accident reports changed their tune. The right gloves, goggles, and even a lab coat—these aren't just for looks. Latex gloves don’t cut it; thick nitrile keeps splashes from going through. Eye protection needs to fit snugly, since even small drops can cause lasting eye damage. Clothes covering arms and legs put one more buffer between skin and chemical. Good fume hoods do more than keep air smelling fresh—they keep chemical vapors from settling in lungs.
Storage and Handling: Take Nothing for Granted
Leaving TBHP on a shelf next to fuel, paper, or even sunlight just invites trouble. Cool, dry storage, away from direct light and all possible sources of heat, makes accidents less likely. Keeping TBHP in small, sealed containers, away from other reactive agents, prevents uncontrolled reactions. Ventilated storage cabinets limit vapor buildup, stopping flammable clouds from forming in storage rooms.
Training focuses on not cutting corners. Employees remember to keep water nearby but never add water directly to spilled TBHP—spills get absorbed with inert material first, then removed. Only emergency teams use the fire extinguisher on a burning peroxide leak. For every job, knowing the evacuation route comes first. Disposal combines chemical knowledge and legal compliance, since pouring leftovers down the drain ruins pipes and the local water supply.
Solutions for Safer Workplaces
TBHP doesn’t forgive mistakes. Strong safety culture changes how people look at their tasks. Labels must stay readable, safety sheets should stick to every new shipment, and reminders about double-checking PPE serve as the last barrier before harm. Supervisors do walk-throughs, pointing out hidden hot-spots—improvised containers, spill-prone work areas, or fire hazards. Companies can use incident drills to make sure nobody freezes up if something goes wrong.
Yearly reviews of procedures catch gaps before they lead to headlines. Putting safety over speed costs less than an injury or fire. Chemical work doesn’t belong to those who cut corners; it belongs to those who bring vigilance and respect to the bench every day.
Understanding the Risks Behind TBHP
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide, or TBHP to those in the trenches of chemistry labs and industrial plants, comes with a reputation that keeps professionals on high alert. Having handled TBHP in my earlier work supporting a specialty chemicals firm, I've noticed hesitancy that crops up whenever this compound gets mentioned in procurement meetings or safety reviews. The unease isn’t just about regulatory fine print—it's about what can actually go wrong if storage or monitoring drifts off track. TBHP is a strong oxidizer and classified as an organic peroxide, and it doesn’t take much for its properties to turn from useful to hazardous.
Stability Isn't Just a Lab Concept
I remember reading MSDS sheets with the same focus as one reads a legal contract. TBHP’s stability isn’t an abstract chemistry concept: it directly relates to safety on the ground. Most suppliers recommend using TBHP within one to two years if it’s stored tightly sealed, away from sunlight and any sources of heat. I’ve watched colleagues build entire storage protocols around these limits because there’s simply no margin for error—old or poorly-stored TBHP decomposes, sometimes violently. A bottle left open on a sunny shelf isn’t just a theoretical risk. Incidents in poorly managed facilities, reported in industrial safety databases, give real-world proof of fires and explosive decompositions turning costly or even deadly fast.
TBHP's Sensitivity to Environment
Temperature and container material make a real difference. TBHP in water solutions (about 70% in water, the standard for safer handling) fares better in steel drums or HDPE containers away from direct heat. Heat speeds up decomposition, and contamination just makes things worse. Never forget the lessons taught by old drums found with crusty caps or corroded walls—these become time bombs, especially in the heat of summer or if they’re exposed to leaks from incompatible materials. It’s not paranoia, but lived experience that teaches people to keep TBHP away from acids, reducing agents, and metal catalysts.
What the Data Actually Says
Documented test results from suppliers and third-party safety audits regularly confirm TBHP’s stability at ambient temperatures as long as oxygen, light, and moisture get controlled. Shelf life tends to run shorter in tropical climates, where air conditioning and stock rotation become non-negotiable. One study in the Journal of Chemical Health and Safety ran accelerated aging tests: after just a few months above 40°C, decomposition rates doubled. That statistic isn’t something to gloss over in places with unreliable storage infrastructure.
Practical Steps to Lengthen Shelf Life
Keeping TBHP fresh enough for safe use boils down to discipline at every step. I’ve seen the benefits of careful labeling, strict inventory management, and firm refusal to accept any rusty or leaky drums. Training counts more than fancy tech; workers who know exactly why TBHP restocks happen frequently, or who treat waste drums with respect, make all the difference. Waste management procedures, such as neutralization before disposal, also play a part. Even after years away from direct chemical handling, I still pay close attention to any reports about TBHP spills or fires. History proves that safety lapses often start small—a skipped inventory check, a forgotten cleaning schedule—but end with headlines nobody wants.
Understanding TBHP and the Risks
Tertiary Butyl Hydroperoxide (TBHP) shows up across industrial sites for a reason: it’s a strong oxidizer and a powerful tool in making everything from pharmaceuticals to plastics. Behind the white paper safety sheets, the real danger with TBHP comes from its volatility and the way it reacts. Spillage can mean fire, toxic fumes, or even a blast if it meets the wrong material. I remember handling bottles of oxidizers in academic labs, knowing the tension every time we unscrewed the cap. For folks in manufacturing or chemical plants, the stakes rise—a spill is more than an inconvenience, it’s a call for rapid, precise action.
Spotting Trouble Early Matters
TBHP doesn’t offer second chances if mishandled. That sharp, ethereal odor? If you smell it, the room’s already at risk. Visual signs matter: clear or yellowish liquid, any haze, or heat at the spill zone should signal a halt. Teams keeping up with regular trainings stay sharper, so mistakes don’t snowball. Site simulations, not just printed protocols, help shift SOPs from theory into muscle memory. Pre-loaded safety kits and frequent checks go further than filing plans in a binder.
Containment Takes Speed—And the Right Gear
Every second after a spill unfolds a new layer of hazard. First, clear out non-essential staff from the area. Never use organic absorbents like sawdust because TBHP reacts violently with them—sometimes with flames. Choose pads and spill pillows designed for oxidizers. Polypropylene pads work well. Never try to dilute with water; it can intensify the release of dangerous vapors. If TBHP makes contact with incompatible materials, such as reducing agents or combustibles, the place turns chaotic fast.
PPE and Ventilation: Protecting People First
Personal protective equipment stands between workers and a burning chemical cloud. Splash goggles, face shields, nitrile gloves, and lab coats stop TBHP from getting on skin and eyes. Too many injuries come from discomfort cutting corners. If the air smells hot or odd, proper respirators matter—even short exposure can be harmful. Fans and local exhaust systems pull vapors out, but open windows don’t cut it in cases with heavy fumes or big spills. If the spill happens near drains or open soil, block them off; oxidizers slip into wastewater, threatening people and wildlife downstream.
Disposal: Follow the Rules, Not Shortcuts
Collected TBHP and cleanup materials turn hazardous—no regular trash cans or sinks allowed. Rely on steel or approved polyethylene containers sealed and clearly labeled. Many disasters start when waste gets tossed where it shouldn't. Proper disposal channels, often managed by licensed firms, take the headache out of worrying where chemicals might end up. Transportation calls for more than a simple drop-off; paperwork, documented chain of custody, and specialized haulers keep everyone honest.
Investing in Training and Maintenance
Cutting corners slashes budgets but invites accidents. Regular reviews of equipment—like making sure vent hoods, detectors, and alarms actually work—pay back tenfold compared to repairing after an incident. Management walking the talk about safety, not just posting signs, shapes worker habits. Open feedback keeps protocols real and updated. Stopping TBHP accidents starts long before a bottle tips over, with investment in both people and equipment.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-Methylpropan-2-yl hydroperoxide |
| Other names |
ENox TBHP
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide TBHP t-Butyl hydroperoxide tert-butyl peroxide tert-butyl hydrogenperoxide |
| Pronunciation | /ˈtəːtˌbjuːtɪl haɪˈdrɒdʒən pəˈrɒksaɪd/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | 2-(tert-Butylperoxy)-2-methylpropane |
| Other names |
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide
TBHP t-Butyl hydroperoxide 2-Methyl-2-propanol hydroperoxide tert-Butylperoxol Peroxytane |
| Pronunciation | /ˈtɜrt ˈbjuːtɪl haɪˈdrɒdʒən pəˈrɒksaɪd iːˈnɒks ˌtiːˌeɪtʃˈpiː/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 75-91-2 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1236260 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:63997 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1366 |
| ChemSpider | 9314 |
| DrugBank | DB14186 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.161.475 |
| EC Number | 131-11-3 |
| Gmelin Reference | 2361103 |
| KEGG | C19685 |
| MeSH | D010558 |
| PubChem CID | 61250 |
| RTECS number | YD2450000 |
| UNII | 9U4M6PQE2Z |
| UN number | UN3105 |
| CAS Number | 75-91-2 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1718734 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:53089 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL135660 |
| ChemSpider | 18108 |
| DrugBank | DB11229 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.222.372 |
| EC Number | 131-11-3 |
| Gmelin Reference | 1121353 |
| KEGG | C05279 |
| MeSH | D010578 |
| PubChem CID | 6633 |
| RTECS number | EK2975000 |
| UNII | TE6P09UDS6 |
| UN number | UN3109 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | C4H10O2 |
| Molar mass | 90.12 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear, colorless liquid |
| Odor | pungent odor |
| Density | 0.94 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| log P | 0.83 |
| Vapor pressure | 3 mmHg (20°C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 12.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | 8.6 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -42.5×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.386 |
| Viscosity | 12 cP (25°C) |
| Dipole moment | 3.77 D |
| Chemical formula | C4H10O2 |
| Molar mass | 90.12 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear liquid |
| Odor | Pungent |
| Density | 0.792 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | soluble |
| log P | 0.7 |
| Vapor pressure | 11 mmHg (20 °C) |
| Acidity (pKa) | 12.8 |
| Basicity (pKb) | |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -57×10⁻⁶ cm³/mol |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.396 |
| Viscosity | 2.6 mPa.s (20 °C) |
| Dipole moment | 3.78 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 225.6 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -148.16 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -3052.7 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 348.3 J/mol·K |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -302.1 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -2852 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | D18AX |
| ATC code | D18AX |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS05, GHS06 |
| Pictograms | GHS02, GHS05, GHS06 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H225, H302, H314, H332, H336, H242 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P221, P234, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P312, P370+P378, P411+P235, P501 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-4-2-W |
| Flash point | -18 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 410°C (770°F) |
| Explosive limits | 2.5% - 8% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat 382 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | 200 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | UN2102 |
| PEL (Permissible) | '1 ppm' |
| REL (Recommended) | 0.07 ppm |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 200 ppm |
| GHS labelling | GHS02, GHS05, GHS06, GHS09 |
| Pictograms | GHS02,GHS05,GHS06 |
| Signal word | Danger |
| Hazard statements | H226, H242, H302, H314, H332, H335 |
| Precautionary statements | P210, P220, P234, P280, P302 + P352, P305 + P351 + P338, P310, P370 + P378 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 3-4-2-W |
| Flash point | 25 °C |
| Autoignition temperature | 410°C (770°F) |
| Explosive limits | 2.2% - 22% |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 Oral Rat 382 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | 470 mg/kg (rat, oral) |
| NIOSH | SE5250000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: 0.07 ppm |
| REL (Recommended) | 3 mg/m³ |
| IDLH (Immediate danger) | 200 ppm |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
tert-Butanol Hydrogen peroxide Di-tert-butyl peroxide Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide |
| Related compounds |
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
tert-Butanol Di-tert-butyl peroxide Cumene hydroperoxide Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide |
