Calcium Chloride Liquid: A Deep Dive into Its Journey and Usefulness
Historical Development
Calcium chloride has been around for ages, but it took the rise of industrial chemistry in the 19th century for this salt to gain commercial traction. Early sources note its use to treat icy streets in Scandinavian towns, sidestepping dangers during long winters. Progress picked up steam in the last century, with large-scale brine extraction taking off alongside advancements in chemical synthesis. Companies began collecting it as a by-product when making soda ash, pushing efficiency higher and making it more accessible. Communities soon realized the stuff keeps dust down on dirt roads, acts as a fast-acting de-icer, and works out as a decent agent for concrete mixing during cold months. This rather humdrum substance quietly shaped many practical features of modern city life, long before anyone gave it much recognition.
Product Overview
In its liquid state, calcium chloride packs punch as a highly concentrated source of calcium ions. Most commercial solutions run from 32% to 38% by weight, offering a dense brine that is ready for action. Farmers, construction crews, and food manufacturers don’t care much for dusty technical specs—they prize this stuff for its reliability in brine tanks, stabilizing gravel, and even perking up hard cheese. As a liquid, it loads and blends smoothly into tanks, skips the dusty hassle of granules, and works especially well for folks set up for pump delivery.
Physical & Chemical Properties
Calcium chloride’s telltale properties stem from its ability to snatch water like a thirsty camel. The clear or faintly yellowish liquid holds a salty, slightly bitter taste. It dissolves easily in water, forming an exothermic solution—touching it to water will heat things up in a hurry. In colder temperatures, it keeps solutions from turning into ice, dropping freezing points much lower than just water or even rock salt. Chemically, the solution holds chloride and calcium ions, and it plays nice with many common chemicals, though it will react with carbonates or phosphates, leaving solid deposits in its wake.
Technical Specifications & Labeling
Producers sort their grades by purity, calcium content, and clarity. Municipal de-icing fluid might contain trace minerals, while the stuff destined for food plants meets higher purity tests for heavy metals and particulates. Labels usually spell out calcium chloride percentage, density, total alkalinity, and residual insolubles. Safety data sheets tag on handling information, boiling points, and warnings about the exothermic heat generated during dilution. It’s important for buyers to watch for these specs, since the intended use—be it cheese making, roadwork, or industrial brine—demands a product that matches health and reliability standards.
Preparation Method
Manufacturers take two main routes to produce calcium chloride liquid. The first relies on natural brines or underground deposits, pumping out concentrated solutions and refining them for commercial sale. The other taps into the Solvay process, which spits out calcium chloride as a leftover when making soda ash from limestone and salt. After separation, the raw solution gets filtered to discard suspended solids, adjusted to the right strength, and sometimes evaporated for even higher concentrations. Each step gets tested: too much iron or magnesium will mess up food batches or cause pipeline scaling, so purification often goes well beyond the basics.
Chemical Reactions & Modifications
Calcium chloride liquid stays stable, but it doesn’t shy away from chemical action. Mix it with carbonates and it coughs up calcium carbonate, which clouds the water and can gum up pipes or tanks. Adding phosphates pulls out chalky calcium phosphate deposits. If the mixture gets into contact with strong acids, it will release hydrogen chloride gas. Beyond simple reactions, the solution will happily blend with other salt brines—engineers and scientists leverage this blending to tailor antifreeze and dust control solutions for highways and mining projects. Food technologists sometimes partner calcium chloride with magnesium salts, fine-tuning brining or texturizing effects to suit specific recipes.
Synonyms & Product Names
This chemical answers to more names than most folks expect. Besides plain ‘calcium chloride’ or its chemical name CaCl2, product sheets toss around terms like ‘liquid brine solution’, ‘calcium salt solution’, and even proprietary blends marketed under various brand banners. Older texts mention ‘muriate of lime’, though that’s faded in today’s catalogs. For food processing, you’ll see E509 stamped on ingredient lists, especially in canned vegetables and cheese, notifying consumers that the calcium source is present for texture and safety.
Safety & Operational Standards
Dealers and end-users need to respect calcium chloride liquid’s quirks. Splashes sting eyes and skin, driving strong recommendations for gloves and goggles. Heat build-up during dilution can burn an unwary hand, or crack thin-walled tanks. At high concentrations, the solution corrodes metals including soft aluminum or galvanized parts, so pipework and tanks in industrial setups lean toward plastics or stainless steel. Industrial hygiene standards call for spill controls, eye-wash stations, and regular training—these measures go beyond avoiding minor nuisance, especially given the material’s widespread use through the winter season when stakes run higher for worker safety.
Application Area
In the field, the uses run from the roadway to the cheese vat. Highway departments lean heavily on liquid calcium chloride to pre-wet salt before it lands on icy streets, amping up de-icing power and reducing bounce. Rural townships spray it on dusty gravel roads to keep townsfolk from coughing or slipping. In the world of concrete, mixing this liquid into a cold-weather batch keeps hydration running, letting construction keep pace through frosty spells. Food plants rely on it for cheese curds, tomato processing, and to plump pickles, as its calcium strengthens cell walls and improves texture. Oil and gas crews squirt it downhole to push back on swelling clay layers in drilling operations, and water treatment plants borrow its calcium kick to adjust mineral balances in large supply networks.
Research & Development
New challenges and changing regulations keep pushing research forward. Teams in academic labs and regional DOT test sites hunt for ways to deliver equal or better melt at lower concentrations, hoping to lower run-off and its environmental load. Researchers have trialed blends with organic de-icers or softeners, searching for combinations that stick to the pavement or break up ice even in subzero cold snaps. In food science, there’s ongoing work exploring interactions with flavor and allergen stability, as consumer awareness leans ever more sharply into clean-label and transparency goals. The chemical’s role in industrial water treatment also triggers study into its potential for tying up lead or helping control biofilm growth, both of which threaten infrastructure and health.
Toxicity Research
Most toxicologists agree that calcium chloride liquid deserves some respect but doesn’t rise to the “dangerous chemical” list when handled with common sense. At high concentrations, direct contact irritates, but accidental skin exposure rarely leads to serious injury. Swallowing modest amounts produces a salty, unpleasant mouth and mild stomach distress, but substantial ingestion—especially in children or pets—can spike electrolytes in the blood. That’s become more of a concern in areas where liquid de-icers pool in parking lots and gutters. For aquatic environments, excess chloride can push freshwater critters past their comfort zone, so stormwater controls now draw more attention from city engineers. Every shift in usage or regulation has researchers updating hazard scores and guidance.
Future Prospects
Interest in calcium chloride’s liquid form isn’t fading. Cities want reliable winter de-icing without heavy costs, and farmers need stronger dust control as extreme weather makes rural roads unpredictable. As solar-powered desalination brings new brine streams online, more of this salt will need processing and safe disposal, raising questions about scale and smart use. Researchers keep probing for new uses, like picking up CO2 from emissions or blending with recycled water for closed-loop cooling systems in data centers. If the trend toward environmental caution holds, expect tighter controls on run-off, greener production methods, and more attention to how this chemical fits the puzzle of modern infrastructure and food systems. Calcium chloride liquid has weathered big changes before, and the next decade promises to be just as dynamic.
Melting Ice and Keeping Roads Safe
Anyone who lives where snow and ice take over every winter knows the value of an effective deicer. Calcium chloride liquid stands out in this role because it works much faster than rock salt, even at lower temperatures. It pulls moisture from the air and heats up when it dissolves, creating brine right on the pavement. Snowplow drivers rely on it to break down stubborn ice and speed up melting, making roads safer before most folks head out in the morning. Less salt flies around, which means less damage to cars and concrete—not to mention fewer headaches for road crews who spend long hours out in the cold.
Dust Control on Construction and Gravel Roads
Dust on unpaved roads blows everywhere—into eyes, engines, crops, and homes. Calcium chloride liquid holds the dust down by pulling water from the air and keeping the road surface damp. Farmers and rural towns use it to stop soil from drifting into ditches or covering nearby fields. Heavy trucks run smoother, road surfaces stay put, and fewer clouds of dust bother people and livestock in the area.
Helping Concrete Hold Together
Building during chilly months puts concrete jobs at risk. Calcium chloride liquid acts as an accelerator, helping fresh concrete set up and get strong before freezing temps can ruin a pour. This keeps new roads, bridges, and sidewalks on schedule in spring and fall, when weather can turn on a dime. Contractors turn to it because lost days waiting for concrete to cure cost real money. Fewer delays mean projects wrap up sooner, the finished product lasts longer, and fewer small fixes crop up over time.
Supporting Crop Yields and Soil Health
Farmers use calcium chloride liquid to tackle two problems—soil that’s short on calcium, and crops showing clear signs of stress. Crops like apples and tomatoes keep their structure and avoid issues like blossom end rot when the right calcium level runs through their system. Spraying a diluted form right on the plants gives results in one growing season. Healthy produce means better prices at the market, less waste, and crops that survive unpredictable weather. Soil also holds together better, helping roots take hold and keep growing strong.
Helping Out in Swimming Pools and Water Treatment
A pool with low calcium levels hurts more than just the water—it eats away at surfaces and fixtures. Calcium chloride liquid pops up whenever pool water turns soft, bringing things back in balance and protecting equipment. On a bigger scale, water treatment plants use it to keep water clear and safe to drink. By pulling out impurities and preventing certain pipes from corroding, calcium chloride liquid helps deliver cleaner water without expensive repairs down the road.
Potential Risks and Smarter Solutions
Calcium chloride liquid does a lot of work, but too much causes trouble. On roads, extra salt runs off into streams or wells, raising concerns about drinking water and plants nearby. In farming, high doses damage roots or push soil chemistry in the wrong direction. Finding a better balance often comes back to education—crew leaders, farmers, and landscapers who know how and when to use it get more benefit with less waste. Smart application practices—regular soil or water testing, lower rates, and mixing with other treatment options—help stretch out supplies and protect local resources for the long haul.
This Stuff Pops Up a Lot
Step outside in the winter, and you’ll see trucks spraying roads with liquid that melts ice fast. That’s usually calcium chloride in liquid form. Pool owners use it. Food processors lean on it. Farmers, road crews, factories—they handle this stuff every day. It’s easy to start thinking it’s no worse than water.
Is It Safe on Your Skin?
I remember the first time a bag burst open in the back of a pickup and the liquid splashed all over my boots. My feet burned and tingled for hours. Calcium chloride is salty but way stronger than table salt. Skin contact can irritate, and a long soak leads to dry, chapped, or straight-up red skin. Eyes are another issue. Even a small splash hurts like crazy.
Safety data from reputable sources, such as the U.S. National Institutes of Health, show direct exposure can cause severe irritation, especially around eyes or sensitive skin. The reason comes down to its hygroscopic nature—it draws water out of surfaces. That’s rough on most living tissue.
Is Breathing It In Bad News?
Breathing in a fine mist or vapor can set off a coughing fit. People working with industrial sprayers or in enclosed spaces can end up inhaling droplets or dust from dried crust. Short-term exposure brings on irritation, but repeat problems in poorly vented spaces raise real concerns for people with asthma or breathing difficulties.
Touching and Storing It
A good pair of gloves changes everything. Chemical-resistant gloves block burning, and safety glasses take care of splashes. In my years of handling de-icers and dust suppressants, simple gear like long sleeves makes spills a nonissue. Removing wet clothing quickly does more to prevent skin problems than letting it sit for hours.
Storing calcium chloride isn’t tricky, just keep it sealed up and dry. People often forget that liquid concentrate will eat through thin metal over time and mess up concrete floors. Containers need a check every few months for leaks and corrosion. Keep some extra buckets or secondary containment. Spills draw water fast from the air and create slippery floors—worth putting up clear warning signs in work zones.
Clean-Up and the Environment
If a spill gets washed into a garden or stream, plants and aquatic life can suffer from the sudden salt load. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ranks calcium chloride as safer than many de-icers, but not totally risk-free. Wash up spills with plenty of fresh water, mop up excess, and try to catch runoff before it leaves your property. That’s something neighbors and local streams will appreciate.
Why It Matters to Me
My hands got dry more times than I can count after I stopped caring about glove use. Once, a co-worker spent a morning with burning eyes and blurry vision after a broken hose sent a jet of liquid his way. Now, we don’t leave the storage shed without gloves and goggles. Staff turnover means teaching new folks again and again, but that routine almost always pays off.
Smart Steps That Work
Basic training on personal protection stays crucial. Handwashing stations up close. Clear labels on every drum. Leak kits in the truck. These steps sound boring, but even the most seasoned worker finds out the hard way after one small accident. Most injuries from calcium chloride count as avoidable, given respect for its strength. Products that feel everyday normal can still deserve real caution.
Why Proper Storage Matters
A gallon jug of calcium chloride liquid looks harmless enough. Most folks think about road de-icing or keeping dust down on gravel, but there’s more to it. This stuff pulls moisture from the air, so it gets thick and sticky if left open. That can cause issues beyond just making a mess. Equipment starts to rust faster. Containers eventually corrode. Someone hauling in a drum that leaked can end up with burns or skin irritation. Storing it right goes beyond just following a rulebook—it helps prevent real risks you don’t want to deal with.
The Right Container Makes All the Difference
A simple plastic drum often works well for liquid calcium chloride. Strong polyethylene keeps the liquid contained. No need for fancy, complicated containers—just ones that won’t rust or break down under chemical attack. Metal tanks usually don’t last because calcium chloride chews through steel. Plastic comes out ahead every time. Some folks use fiberglass tanks too, which stand up to the salty brine. Every time I see an old rusty metal tank in a yard, I know someone learned the hard way.
Keep Moisture and Air Out
The biggest problem with calcium chloride is how eager it is to suck water from the air. Anyone who left a jug open knows this—come back and the stuff’s thicker, maybe chunky at the bottom. Always seal containers tightly. Any lid left cracked lets humidity seep in. If your shop is humid, you’re working against the clock every time you transfer or open a drum. Work quickly, close up when you’re done, and you’ll save yourself a lot of trouble. I once saw a floor covered in slippery, syrupy liquid from a forgotten open hatch; it’s hard to forget that cleanup.
Temperature and Sunlight: Don’t Overlook the Basics
Heat speeds up chemical reactions and exposure to sunlight breaks down containers, especially plastic. Store calcium chloride liquid in a cool, shaded place, out of direct sun. A shed or indoor storage room works well. If that’s not possible, at least throw a tarp over outdoor drums. Avoid freezing, though—liquid calcium chloride stays fluid at low temperatures, but water can separate out and cause problems.
Safety and Emergency Planning
Nobody plans for accidents, but they happen anyway. I remember a spill when a forklift accidentally punctured a drum—the liquid splashed everywhere. It eats at concrete and is rough on hands and eyes. Reliable storage includes basic spill kits: sand, kitty litter, gloves, goggles, and clean water nearby. Keep a copy of the material safety data sheet (MSDS) handy. Train new folks so they know what to do in an emergency. Make it a regular habit instead of a yearly checkbox.
Label Everything and Check Regularly
Unlabeled containers are an accident waiting to happen. I’ve seen mystery barrels end up causing confusion when someone tries to dispose of them or move them. Mark every tank or drum clearly—type of chemical, concentration, hazard warnings. Check seals and containers regularly for leaks or bulges. Fix problems before they get bigger. If a drum starts to look misshapen or discolored, replace it right away. A small leak today can turn into a big cleanup tomorrow.
Don’t Mix and Match
Store calcium chloride away from other chemicals—especially acids and other salts. Even a small spill can cause dangerous reactions if incompatible materials mix. It’s tempting to tuck containers wherever there’s an open space, but keeping a dedicated storage area really pays off in the long run.
Better Habits, Safer Workplaces
The rules for storing calcium chloride aren’t just formalities—they’re grounded in real experience and common sense. One careless move can cost you time, money, and safety. Learning from others’ mistakes helps more than any manual. If you treat calcium chloride liquid with a bit of respect each time you handle it, you get a long way toward a cleaner, safer operation.
Everyday Uses Call for Real Data
Calcium chloride liquid is one of those chemicals that shows up in unexpected places: sidewalks in winter, highway maintenance operations, even inside food processing plants. Many people might not think about what goes into that sturdy liquid de-icer or dust control solution. From what I’ve seen working alongside municipal workers and industry folks, most of the calcium chloride liquid used out there measures between 30% and 35% by weight. Those trucks spraying winter roads or construction sites rely on that sweet spot—enough punch to melt ice fast but still easy to pump.
Concentration Numbers Matter in Real Work
A 32% solution seems to get the call more than any other. Why does this number matter so much? Higher concentrations—above 40%—tend to crystallize in cold temperatures, which can really gum up storage tanks and application sprayers. Go much weaker and the ice melting or dust control just doesn’t keep up with the job. Some industries want to tweak things, but from experience, the 32% mark holds up in city yards, at chemical supply houses, and in technical manuals.
Why Consistency and Accuracy Count
When spreading calcium chloride, accuracy keeps crews safe. Too-strong solutions can eat away at concrete and equipment. Weak mixes waste money and don’t get results. The U.S. Department of Transportation points to the 32% liquid and says that’s the blend that does the job in the coldest states, year in and year out. Farmers using it for dust control on unpaved driveways look for that same range. Food processors aiming to firm up pickles or preserve vegetables work with even lower concentrations, usually down around 10%, but they pay close attention to the label for food-grade product and safety data.
Common Missteps and What Works Better
Some facilities or townships, hoping to stretch their dollar, dilute calcium chloride on-site with tap water. This practice often leads to inconsistent results and sometimes pump clogs from improper mixing. Supplying pre-blended 32% liquid from reliable vendors avoids headaches, improves safety, and saves time. Overdilution doesn’t cut it, and home mixing introduces error you can’t always see until something fails. I learned over my years on the job that checking supplier certificates and verifying the Safety Data Sheet always pays off.
Safety, Storage, and Regulations
Storing calcium chloride liquid at the right concentration avoids wasted product and extends the life of pumping equipment. Solutions around 32% resist freezing well down to -20°F, so tanks don’t turn into blocks of slush in January. Regulatory standards focus on labeling and chemical purity, especially in food or pharmaceutical contexts. Following those guidelines doesn’t just tick a box—it protects workers and consumers. Mislabeling or contamination can lead to fines or, worse, product recalls.
Looking Ahead—Smarter Choices for Communities
Choosing the right concentration level is about trust—trust in suppliers, in workers blending or applying the liquid, and in the science behind the solution. As cities look for eco-friendly road and dust remedies, knowing what’s really in that calcium chloride tank lets them meet both environmental and performance goals. Better data from suppliers and regular checks protect everyone who relies on safer roads, cleaner worksites, or effective food processing.
Reliable calcium chloride liquid usually carries a label: around 32% by weight. Not too strong, not too weak, tried and tested in just about every corner of industry.Why Getting Dilution Right Matters
Calcium chloride liquid isn’t just for de-icing roads in the winter. It pops up in water treatment, dust control on gravel roads, food processing, and even swimming pools. The catch: most people don’t grab a jug and pour it out as-is. Concentrated calcium chloride can get pretty intense. Tossing it directly onto a job often leads to wasted product, wasted money, and more maintenance headaches. Diluting it right keeps things safe, stretches supplies, and helps equipment last longer.
How Calcium Chloride Liquid Shows Up on the Job
Look at any janitorial supply room, well operator’s shed, or township garage, and you’ll see the different strengths out there. Liquid calcium chloride comes in somewhere between 28% to 42% strength, depending on the brand, season, and area. That percentage tells you how much actual CaCl2 you have in the mix. For example, dust control on gravel roads usually only needs about 30%. Pool owners, meanwhile, target specific ppm readings for water hardness. No one wants to accidentally burn grass, corrode tools, or let calcium build up.
A Step-by-Step Way to Mix It up Safely
Pouring concentrated calcium chloride straight into anything—tank, pool, sprayer—without thinking ahead invites mistakes. The stuff heats up when you add water, so slow mixing makes all the difference. Here’s how I’ve handled it with a team:
- Double-check the strength: Read the label on the jug or drum. You want to know if you’re staring at 35% or 42% before pulling out a calculator.
- Use clean, cool water: Dust and debris in water can cause residue, and warm water makes things react faster. Start with about half the final volume you’re aiming for.
- Add calcium chloride to water (not the other way around): This trick helps avoid splashes and releases the heat safely. A slow stream, steady stirring, and patience go a long way. Watch out—the mix gets hot.
- Finish filling with water: Add more water slowly until you reach the target strength. Check the clarity and temperature before putting the lid back on.
- Check with a meter or test kit: For jobs that need precision—like pools or labs—test before you use it. Guessing doesn’t cut it for health or equipment protection.
Focus on Safety and Common Sense
Mixing calcium chloride liquid takes more than knowing ratios. It means thinking about your own safety and the safety of the crew. Gloves and goggles stop splashes from turning into hospital trips. Even after mixing, rinsing buckets and hoses keeps everything working and stops hard deposits. I learned the messy way that dried calcium chloride can clog up backpack sprayers in a hurry.
Reducing Risk and Saving Money
Public works departments and facility managers all see the costs attached to wasted chemicals or damaged gear. When the mix is too strong, you end up burning up more than ice—soil, plants, and truck parts break down faster. Better dilution means longer lifespans for everything, and fewer emergency calls. For anyone on a tight budget, that’s real savings.
Reliable Ways to Get Good Results
Keep a printed chart or recipe handy by the mix station. Training new folks to respect calcium chloride liquid—and not fear it—means fewer accidents, less waste, and smoother projects. Plenty of local suppliers have safety sheets and mixing guides; don’t be shy to ask for the details that match your brand and your use. Smart dilution protects the environment, the bottom line, and everyone relying on good results.
| Names | |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Calcium chloride solution |
| Other names |
Calcium dichloride
Liquid CaCl2 Calcium chloride solution Brine solution Calcium salt Calcium chloride dihydrate solution Calcium chloride hexahydrate solution |
| Pronunciation | /ˈkæl.si.əm ˈklɔː.raɪd ˈlɪk.wɪd/ |
| Preferred IUPAC name | Calcium dichloride |
| Other names |
Calcium dichloride
E509 CaCl2 solution Brine solution Liquid CaCl2 |
| Pronunciation | /ˈkæl.si.əm ˈklɔː.raɪd ˈlɪk.wɪd/ |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 10043-52-4 |
| Beilstein Reference | Beilstein Reference: 3580176 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:3312 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1201180 |
| ChemSpider | 7834 |
| DrugBank | DB09432 |
| ECHA InfoCard | ECHA InfoCard: 030-017-00-1 |
| EC Number | 233-140-8 |
| Gmelin Reference | Gmelin Reference: 28260 |
| KEGG | C00698 |
| MeSH | D002121 |
| PubChem CID | 5284359 |
| RTECS number | EV9800000 |
| UNII | N8V436872G |
| UN number | UN1748 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | CompTox Dashboard (EPA) of product 'Calcium Chloride Liquid': "DTXSID0026837 |
| CAS Number | 10043-52-4 |
| Beilstein Reference | 1722991 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:3310 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL1201192 |
| ChemSpider | 22912 |
| DrugBank | DB09432 |
| ECHA InfoCard | 03d4e488-6fda-4a40-9b62-a76eccf643d0 |
| EC Number | 01-2119494219-28-xxxx |
| Gmelin Reference | 12604 |
| KEGG | C00698 |
| MeSH | D002121 |
| PubChem CID | 5284359 |
| RTECS number | EV9480000 |
| UNII | JGI23TRS5W |
| UN number | UN1760 |
| CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | CompTox Dashboard (EPA) of product 'Calcium Chloride Liquid' is "DTXSID5022563 |
| Properties | |
| Chemical formula | CaCl2 |
| Molar mass | 110.98 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear to slightly cloudy, colorless to pale yellow liquid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.30 – 1.35 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Very soluble in water |
| log P | -3.86 |
| Vapor pressure | 2.5 mm Hg @ 20°C |
| Basicity (pKb) | ~3.27 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | `-40.6×10^-6 cm³/mol` |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.398 |
| Viscosity | 10-35 cP |
| Dipole moment | 2.87 D |
| Chemical formula | CaCl2 |
| Molar mass | 110.98 g/mol |
| Appearance | Clear, colorless to slightly yellowish liquid |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Density | 1.41 g/cm³ |
| Solubility in water | Easily soluble in water |
| log P | -3.08 |
| Vapor pressure | <10 mmHg |
| Acidity (pKa) | 8-10 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (χ) | -3.9×10⁻⁵ |
| Refractive index (nD) | 1.39 |
| Viscosity | 10-35 cP |
| Dipole moment | 2.95 D |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 162.2 J·K⁻¹·mol⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -796.3 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -814.05 kJ/mol |
| Std molar entropy (S⦵298) | 146.4 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ |
| Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298) | -856.5 kJ/mol |
| Std enthalpy of combustion (ΔcH⦵298) | -839.7 kJ/mol |
| Pharmacology | |
| ATC code | A12AA04 |
| ATC code | B05XA07 |
| Hazards | |
| Main hazards | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS05 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | Keep only in original container. Do not breathe mist, vapours, spray. Wash thoroughly after handling. Wear protective gloves, protective clothing, eye protection, face protection. |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-0-0 |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat): 1000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 1000 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
| NIOSH | EW2550000 |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL = "15 mg/m3 (total), 5 mg/m3 (respirable fraction) (OSHA) |
| REL (Recommended) | 30 – 150 mg/L |
| Main hazards | Causes severe skin burns and eye damage. May cause respiratory irritation. |
| GHS labelling | GHS07, GHS05 |
| Pictograms | GHS05,GHS07 |
| Signal word | Warning |
| Hazard statements | H319: Causes serious eye irritation. |
| Precautionary statements | P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, P301+P330+P331 |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | 1-0-1 |
| Lethal dose or concentration | LD50 (oral, rat): 1000 mg/kg |
| LD50 (median dose) | LD50 (median dose): 1000 mg/kg (oral, rat) |
| NIOSH | Not Listed |
| PEL (Permissible) | PEL: 15 mg/m³ (total dust) |
| REL (Recommended) | 5300 |
| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds |
Calcium chloride dihydrate
Calcium chloride anhydrous Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Potassium chloride |
| Related compounds |
Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride dihydrate Calcium chloride hexahydrate Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride |
